Ethical Codes and Particular Cases - 626 Words

ETHICAL CODES AND PARTICULAR CASES 1 Ethical Codes and Particular Cases Shannon Smithers Walden University ETHICAL CODES AND PARTICULAR CASES 2 The Florida Bar v. McAliley was a case of a husband who is a member of The Florida Bar fighting with his wife over final order regarding modification of custody, visitation, parental responsibility, and other issues. He claimed that their minor child was being harmed by second hand smoke, and was told by his mother how to act when he was with him. He filed numerous claims to the appellate court ranging from not being able to be present for medical and dental exams to the trial judge not letting him represent himself. Every claim he filed was then denied because the†¦show more content†¦If he thought he could manipulate the courts just because he is a ETHICAL CODES AND PARTICULAR CASES 3 lawyer, how do we know if he is not like that towards other clients and judges. I understand that people get emotional when things like divorce and custody arises and things can get out of hand, but in this case, I feel he went a little overboard only thinking about himself and not considering the consequences this all had on his ex wife and minor child. He was definitely unprofessional and even one of the judges said â€Å" if someone asks me what vexatious litigation looks like, the former husbands various filings in this divorce case, especially his antics in these post judgment proceedings, are an excellent example† (Judge Farmer, 1997). Judges and lawyers have a higher standard to go by, if this type of action is not tolerated when representing a client, then it definitely should not be tolerated by a lawyer in his own case. ETHICAL CODES AND PARTICULAR CASES 4 REFERENCES: American Bar Association. (n.d.). Lawyer ethics and professionalism. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility.htm 1 McAliley v. McAliley, 704 So. 2d 611 - Fla: Dist. Court of Appeals, 4th Dist. (1997). Retrieved fromhttps://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6943653462044241336q=related:uO2O4AjQXGAJ:scholar.google.com/hl=enas_sdt=6,47as_vis=1 The Florida Bar v. McAliley, 797 So. 2DShow MoreRelatedThe Case Study B When Best Interests Of Client Harm A Third911 Words   |  4 PagesIn the case study B, â€Å"When ‘Best Interests of Client’ Harm a Third†, the ethical dilemma existing is best interest of client vs. obligation to nonmaleficence. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, there is no specific legal code that actually addresses the decision making dilemma. There is the legal code section 1.01, Commitment to Clients however, it does not effectively support and guide Suzanne’s worker in this particular case despite the discussion of the â€Å"responsibility to the larger society†Read MoreCode of Ethics Assignment1001 Words   |  5 PagesASSIGNMENT 1. 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The Importance Of Crm For A Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3547 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 3.1. Introduction According to Beins (2008), research methodology is a focused way to systematically investigate the raw information available and process it into a specific piece of information that is available to be analysed and clarifying comments on the topic of enquiry. (Kothari, 2008) states it as a set of procedures or rules and methods adopted by an individual to get valid and authenticated results on the research. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Importance Of Crm For A Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Some argue that it is an analysis of principles whereas some say that it is just a collection of data and procedures. The following chapter has covered the various aspects of the research methodology such as the design, techniques, questions, approaches that have made research a success and credible. It will also throw light on why a certain method is used in the research and why others have been dropped, its advantages and disadvantages in regarding to efficiency of CRM services in HDFC bank. The chapter has been divided into two parts first where the theory regarding the subject topic is discussed and second where the administration of techniques and the methods required for data collection are described. 3.2. Objectives The objectives of this research are very clear in order to achieve the desired results. This study deals with the importance of CRM for a bank in Indian economy like HDFC bank. It has determined determine the impact of CRM on the organizational effectiveness of the bank and its business operations and if improvements in customer services are needed. There is an assessment of awareness of CRM to the bank employees and its benefits for HDFC bank. Interviews were conducted and questionnaires were distributed amongst the customers to determine the extent of customer satisfaction. The data has been critically analysed using a variety of sources and research tools and recommendations are provided for the bank. 3.3. Research Philosophy Philosophy is regarded as a persons perception or belief towards a particular thing. KumarÂÂ  (2007) terms philosophy as the researchers perception towards a properly structured methodology. These beliefs form the fundamental approaches towards reality and can be categorized into three parts according to Beins (2008). They are Positivism, Realism and Interpretation which are further elaborated as Positivism is generally a quantitative approach where the emphasis is on a structured methodology to facilitate replication enforced by theoretical laws which are similar to the ones produced by natural and physical scientists. Realism on the other hand advocates that people should not be studied as an object that is done by the physical and natural scientists (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Interpretation on the other hand can be considered as a qualitative approach to understand the differences between different types of individuals in social behaviours (Saunders et al. 2009). 3.4. Research Approaches In research methodology there are two methods of research that are generally referred to; they are deductive approach and inductive approach (Beins, 2008). Deductive approach can be related to a waterfall approach as the reasoning in this approach works from a broader towards a specific approach. Conclusion in this type of an approach generally comes from the specific available facts (Saunders et al. 2009).It is also known as the top down approach. This method helped in the literature review and also in determining some finding s for the research. Inductive approach on the other hand is closely related to a hill climbing approach where the reasoning is the other way round moving from more specific towards a more broader approach, it allows themes to appear from the data and which leads to theory depending on the scenarios (Ghauri, 2010). It is also regarded as the bottom up approach and has a degree of uncertainty. This approach was also used in the literature review and in address ing to the problems as the research evolved as the researcher used foreground information that was already available (Kothari, 2008). Arguments based on laws, rules and principles fall within the area of deductive approach and observations are included in the inductive approach (Ghauri, 2010). Inductive approach was used in forming the questionnaires where specific observation of the customers of HDFC bank was required and deductive came into play while questioning the managers of HDFC bank about the policies, rules and principles of the bank which played an important role in determining the customer satisfaction and their effect on them (Saunders et al. 2009. 3.5. Primary and Secondary Data Collection Secondary data collection involves the data that is generally collected for some other research and it is used by the researcher for its own research. The various types of secondary data collection are documentary type reports, multiple sources and surveys (Saunders et al. 2009). Documentary type reports according to Kumar (2005) consist of written and non-written reports. The research consisted of data from websites, media accounts, television, committee reports, CD ROMs, organizational reports from HDFC bank and internet sources. Multiple sources consisted of data from the overall banking industry in Indian economy, also reports from the banking sector were included in the literature review and there was statistical data from HDFC bank as well. Survey data usually consists of government census and data relating to the aspects of daily life of an individual such as expenditure, budgeting and employability prospectus. Survey data was used to collect quantitative information about t he customers of HDFC bank and researcher adopted this approach as it is focused towards the target audience. Primary data collection is the data that is specifically collected for the research purposes and cannot be collected from other sources (Saunders et al. 2009).It includes the data that is collected by the researcher through interviews and questionnaires. Kothari (2008) divides primary data can be divided into two categories such as Qualitative data and Quantitative data. 3.6. Quantitative Data Collection Methods Quantitative data according to Bryman and Bell (2007) is defined as a collection of numerical and statistical data which form a firm base for the research and the theories. Beins (2008) comments that quantitative research is established to such a level in research methods, that some researchers dont accept any other data collection as valid and authentic. Saunders et al (2009) concept is that that the quantitative data is collected in the form of numbers and statistics. It can also be described as an objective method of data collection where the focus in the correct and accurate measurement of analysis and the target concepts using various techniques such as surveys and questionnaires (Ghauri, 2010). The aim of this type of data collection is to get the information, classify it count it and construct statistical models to explain it further. There is also limited probing as far as questions are concerned in a quantitative research with the sample size being large. The researcher co llected data through questionnaires and they were made in such an order that helped the researcher to convert the responses into percentages and put them on scales (Quinton and Smallbone, 2006). 3.7. Qualitative Data Collection Methods Qualitative data collection methods are those that usually lay emphasis on words rather than numerical and statistical data (Bryman and Bell, 2007).This type of method does not subject its finding to numerical and quantification of data but studies the attitudes, feelings the people (Saunders et al. 2009). Ghauri (2010) argues that qualitative data may be used to construct a theory but it actually studies a particular phenomenon. This type of data collection is subjective and involves interpretation of different event and studying of an individual using participant observation such as interviews and the design of the research unfolds as the research progresses (Kothari, 2008). The aim of this research is to get a detailed description and researcher acts as the data gathering instrument. A qualitative data collection method mainly includes three techniques that are widely used for gathering data and they are focus groups, projective techniques and interviews. According to Kumar (200 5), focus groups are used to gather data from a group of people where they are free to talk about their perceptions and ideas about a particular subject. Projective techniques include gathering information from an individual using certain tests so that their real emotions could be revealed (Kothari, 2008).Both these methods were omitted from the research as they were beyond the nature of this research and lacked relevance. Interviews in the words of Beins (2008) involve in-depth analysis of a conversation between two people and this technique was used by the researcher to gather data because of its high relevance with the research. 3.8. Surveys Surveys are a well-known method of data collection. As defined by Kothari (2008) questionnaires if used in surveys are more successful and surveys can be used for both quantitative and qualitative purposes. The researcher therefore used questionnaires to get the responses from the customers of the HDFC bank to determine the levels of customer satisfaction and their views about the services of the bank. The questions were designed to get responses both in numerical form and descriptive forms. The responses were used to devise graphs and scales in the analysis of results and proved to be very reliable and valid data (Beins (2008). Questionnaires were also used to get responses from the managers on the facts illustrated by the customers of the bank. Questionnaires were given to the customers at the bank itself when they came in for their services and were distributed throughout the employees of the bank by the managers as it was important to know the views of the employees regarding t he customers of the bank to whom they delivered the service. It was easy to get the responses and then analyse them for research purposes (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The questions were designed strictly keeping the research purpose in mind and made sure not to deviate from the track of the research. The steps that were adopted in designing the questionnaires were the following as described by Yin (2003). First the objectives were clearly defined and after that the questions were categorized to get the appropriate response, and then a proper sample size was chosen in order to get valid results and finally the questions were written (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The questions were kept very simple in order to make the managers comfortable so that they could provide as much information as possible that would be relevant to the research, the aims of the research were kept in mind as well so that the employees could provide appropriate information regarding the customers within HDFC bank and vic e versa and its effect on the performance or in customers case the customer satisfaction with the bank (Saunders et al. 2009). 3.9. Interviews According to Ghauris (2010) theory, interviews are conducted to get information about the attitudes, perceptions, and feelings about a certain issue. Beins 2008) believes that interviews are exchange of views between two persons concerning a particular topic of interest. Saunders et al. (2009) writes that the interviews can be largely helpful in dealing with issues of complexity and to find a reliable response. Interviews were conducted from three out of the eight managers of HDFC bank which were randomly selected during sampling. The questions were drafted in advance and the managers were asked about their time and availability of the interviews, as the researcher was in a different geographical location and it was difficult to conduct initial face to face interviews with the managers as it would incur huge costs for the researcher to visit India more than once and would be time consuming. Therefore methods such as video and teleconferencing were used to get the time for interview s and create an environment similar to the face to face interviews (Kothari, 2008). Detailed interviews were conducted later when the researcher visited India. The researcher conducted one pilot interview with branch manager first. After finalising the questions, another formal interview was taken. There were almost same responses in both occasions. Two of the middle line managers were asked for their time for interviews and luckily single interview was taken from both managers. The conversation with the managers started with the introduction of the researcher and then by thanking them for their time and availability. Questions were asked regarding the various CRM policies that the bank was implementing and the importance of those policies in retaining customers, also information was collected regarding the different services that the banks was providing to the customers and if they were beneficial to them keeping in mind the CRM policies of the core competitors (Kothari, 2008). Als o they were asked whether the employees working within HDFC bank were aware of the CRM policies and their benefits and the effects of CRM on the banking policies and its operational policies. The efficiency of the CRM services provided by the bank was also questioned and its impact on the business. The questions asked were aligned with the theme of the research and the managers that were selected for the interviews had experience of working in the customer service sector within the bank and had been working long enough to know about the various CRM policies within the organization. The approach towards the managers in the interview was also kept informal so that they could be at ease and give out as much information as possible without any nervousness (Kumar, 2005). The questions mainly helped in determining the benefits limitations and the problems faced in implementing the CRM policies. The discussion proved to be quite open ended and helped a lot in gathering valuable information regarding the CRM practices within HDFC bank (Ghauri, 2010). 3.10. Sampling As researched by Beins (2008), it is rarely seen that researchers survey the whole population as it is too expensive and time consuming, so a random subset of individuals is chosen. As sampling was an important part of the research it was carefully planned to target a random group of about eighty people in order to get reliable and valid results. Sampling was also done in the case of choosing the managers as three of them were randomly chosen out of the eight managers working in the Bank. The sampling proved to be successful as data was gathered in a short period of time and it was relevant to the research as well (Saunders et al. (2009). 3.11. Pilot study It is important to test the questions designed in the questionnaires before they are actually used in the research in order to determine whether they are conducive towards the research and would pose no problems for the respondent and experts should be consulted to comment on the suitability of the questions and this is regarded as pilot study (Saunders et al. 2009), therefore three different managers from the Indian banking sector were consulted for their comments and the questionnaires were made more specific and clear. 3.12. Rationale/Justifications From the researchers perspective rationale of this research is to discuss why the selected research methods are appropriate and why they were applied. As the research approaches adapted are so wide-ranging under their own sub-categories which are not relevant with this research, a hybrid of methodologies was best thought to be used in this research where each plays an important role and is not deviating from the research (Saunders et al. 2009). The researcher based the research on fact finding and did not take fiction into consideration so that the research would be valid, authentic and based on reality and proven theories (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The researcher also opted for realism that takes the individuality of a person into account and is thought to work best where the social issues are concerned and hence is useful in getting as much information possible from the customers of HDFC bank and the managers. After finalizing the research approach, the next stage is to specify the primary and secondary data collections. According to Bryman and Bell (2007), it is important to formulate the design and plan the structure of the research work after examining previous work so the researcher adopted this policy and examined the various policies, procedures, daily functions, and socio cultural aspects of HDFC bank to get a view of banks functioning in Indian economy. Contextual features and issues related to the dissertation were among the crucial factors that were considered in making decisions about the most appropriate research design to employ in designing and undertaking this research. The researcher was significantly influenced by a number of such issues in determining an appropriate research design. It is very important to mention here that the researcher undertook pilot study before the actual commencement of the research. It was a feasibly a very small experiment to test logistics and collect data prior to the greater research in order to improve the qu ality and efficiency of the questions asked in the interviews and questionnaires. It was important to test the questions designed in the questionnaires before they are actually used in the research in order to determine whether they are conducive towards the research and would pose no problems for the respondent and experts should be consulted to comment on the suitability of the questions and this is regarded as pilot study. Although several research methods could have been employed as they were in related studies, but the researcher chose interviews and questionnaires because of certain limitations (provided in the next paragraph) and some other reasons: The researcher believes that questionnaires are more successful and can be used for both quantitative and qualitative purposes. It is the easiest and simplest method of collecting data in short time. Taking into consideration the environment of HDFC Bank along with keeping in mind the purpose of the research, the researcher app lied this method to get the responses from the customers of the HDFC bank in order to determine the levels of customer satisfaction and their views about the services of the bank. For this purpose, the questions were designed to get responses both in numerical form and descriptive forms. The original thinking was that these responses could be used to devise graphs and scales in the analysis of results; in the end these proved to be very reliable and valid. Interviews were preferred over other research methods because the researcher wanted to get information about the managers attitudes, perceptions, and feelings about CRM adaption and use in their bank. The researcher felt that reliable responses would be gathered concerning the use, benefits, limitations, effects and other issues regarding CRM within the bank environment. Later face to face interviews provided detailed insight into the impact of CRM. The branch manager and middle line managers were approached separately and intervi ews were conducted from them to take into consideration the same value and importance of CRM and its impact on customer services and company performance, but from different perspectives. This helped the researcher in critically analysing the qualitative data. The triangulation technique and choosing mixed method approach for this research was considered to engage the complex issues such as differences of backgrounds of managers, employees and customers and differences in their opinions. The mixed method approach was also selected because the researcher wanted to gather relevant and reliable information and that could be gathered to apply the best research method to appropriate sample. This approach also embrace important underlying issues for this research such as focusing on research outcomes by emphasising the criticality of the of the questions asked rather than the methods of data collection. Mixed method research was considered as it has the ability to incorporate both quant itative and qualitative data collection techniques. 3.13. Limitations As every research has its own limitations this research is not different from the rest of the researches and has limitations too. The two methods used for data collection were through interviews and questionnaires and they have their own limitations. Kumar (2005) argues that respondents sometimes do not answer sensitive questions and sometimes their views can be biased about a particular subject. It was seen that the managers when interviews declined to comment on certain policies adopted by the HDFC bank. The views of the customers in certain responses seemed to have an element of bias towards the policies of the Bank and also some responded even answered the question which they had little knowledge about (Kothari, 2008). Access to company records was also a limitation as the researcher couldnt get all of the records from the Bank as they declined to lend them to the researcher citing data protection (Ghauri, 2010). Although majority of the customers participated in the research a nd returned filled questionnaires some refused to do so, and some of the customers just filled the questionnaires for the sake of filling it without actually going through what is required (Beins, 2008). The difference in time zones also was a limitation as the researcher and the interviewee both had to squeeze time on a relatively free day so that they could concentrate fully on the questions asked and give out as much information as possible. Many articles and resources had to be left out as they were less relevant than the other relevant articles used in the research and literature review (Saunders et al. (2009). 3.14. Data Analysis tools As the initial interviews were done through video conferencing, Skype was used as a tool because of its reliability and user friendly approach (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Pilot Questionnaires were sent out to the managers through emails which were further printed and distributed by the manager to few employees working in the bank. Detailed questionnaire was constructed using Microsoft Excel. Data was also processed through Microsoft excel spread sheets and there was extensive use of Microsoft word 2010 as it proved to be very useful with some of other graphical alternatives (Ghauri, 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MHL 145 Chapter 6 Essay - 725 Words

1. Describe the ways in which swing music and popular culture were interrelated during the time known as the swing era. There were many ways in which swing music and popular culture were interrelated during the time known as the swing era. Jazz became the cornerstone of popular culture during the period known as the swing era. The swing era influenced clothing styles, retail marketing, fashion, dance, and even language. Swing fans had their own clothing style and built a social phenomenon around it. With many dances coming and going the swing fans kept on dancing. 3. Name some of the specific innovations Duke Ellington brought to jazz in the 1930’s and 1940’s. Duke Ellington brought some specific innovations to jazz in the†¦show more content†¦They traveled around on tour to get a spot and had been denied, until their last stop in Los Angeles, CA. The Palomar Ballroom wanted to hear the music that had been broadcasting and this began the swing era. The swing era decided to collapse with a shocking suddenness, with bands all over closing up their bags and shutting down. The swing era had suddenly ended from changing economics, the war, predictability, the changing audience, and bebop all of this had ended what was known as the swing era. 10. Describe how the styles of Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were different. The styles from Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were very different throughout the swing era. Hawkins and Young were two of the best tenor sax players that had emerged during the swing era. Considerably different, Hawkins played a huge dark sound, whereas Young’s was light and breathy. Some of the differences were as follows; Hawkins improvisations were based on his superior knowledge of harmony, Young’s were rooted in the blues, Hawkins played with a rhythmic approach that was always closely tied to the beat, and Young’s rhythmic conception was much looser, and often untied to the beat. Although they had many differences, they inspired sax players for years to come. 1. The arranging styles of Ellington and Basie are quite different when put next to each other to compare and contrast. In the song â€Å"Take the A Train† by Duke Ellington the rhythm

Showing cardiovascular and ventilatory responses at rest and during exercise free essay sample

Abstract Objective: The objective of this experiment is to analyse how the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters are affected by steady state exercise. Method: The experiment was split into two stages, rest and exercise. A spirometer, an ECG, a Douglas bag and a blood pressure monitor were used at rest on the subject. In the exercise phase a Douglas bag and the blood pressure monitor were used to measure the subject’s volume of air and blood pressure respectively. Results: A positive correlation was calculated for the heart rate, total volume, oxygen consumption, CO2 production, pCO2, and % of CO2, minute volume, ventilation rate, mean arterial pressure and the number of breaths when the subject was exercising. The pO2, the %O2 and the respiratory quotient showed a negative correlation in the exercise phase. There was no significant change in the diastolic pressure in the exercise phase. The change in tidal volume, the systolic pressure and the pulse pressure during the exercise phase showed to vary against theoretical values and would require further studies to explain these readings. Conclusion: In conclusion many of the parameters that were calculated supported previous experiments; however the tidal volume, the systolic, diastolic and the pulse pressure were not conclusive enough to observe any significant trend. Introduction The human body is a complex machine with many mysteries yet to discover. When the human genome project finished we had learnt much about our DNA and how complex the structure is. We had just scratched the service of our true potential. Our DNA plays a major role in whether we have a good or poor cardiovascular system. This is also the same for our respiratory system. Environmental factors also contribute to how effective our cardiovascular and respiratory system can be. Every so often people from different ethnic backgrounds complete against each other in events such as the Olympics and World athletic championship. Studies have shown that when exercise begins there is a rise in the cardiac output that is a consequence of an increase in the stroke volume and heart rate due to the increase in blood circulation, there is a redistribution of the blood to the working muscle by vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles (coote, 1995). With this the body adapts to changes during steady state exercise to optimise the performance and to prevent any injuries than can occur. Steady state exercise is when the body is performing at a moderate level of exercise producing a balance between production of lactic acid and the removal of lactic acid through oxidation (Thompson, 2008) Exercising on a daily basis results in an individual maintaining a healthy and balance lifestyle. A study in North America showed a group of elderly individuals between the ages of 55 to 70 performed aerobic exercises for four months. The results showed that the experimental group improved their maximal oxygen consumption by 27% (Steinhaus, 1983). This study shows that even at senior age, exercises improves the resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure at rest, sleep habits, well being, hemodynamic and overall lifestyle changes. This study also included anaerobic exercises which too showed an improvement of the individual’s health. On some occasions the production of lactic acid exceeds the removal of lactic acid. This usually occurs when the VO2max is between 55% and 65% in healthy and untrained athlete, however in highly trained endurance athletes this value can reach at 80% (McArdle, Katch Katch, 2006). This is known as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), which refers to the level of lactate in the blood reaching around 4mM. L-1. Exercise physiologist traditionally used VO2max as the main benchmark to measure endurance exercise. This however does not fully explain all aspect of the athlete’s ability to do well in a race. An experienced long distance athlete commonly trains slightly above the point of OBLA (McArdle et al. , 2006). Currently measuring exercise intensity by the OBLA has been a more effective and accurate way in indicating the individual’s level of fitness (McArdle et al. , 2006) The causes for OBLA have not been conclusively proven; as many believe it represent the point of muscle hypoxia which is when there is an inadequate supply of oxygen that is being sent to the muscles (McArdle et al. , 2006, p 320). However the muscle lactate accumulation does not necessarily coincides with hypoxia, because the lactate in the blood can be formed even when there is a sufficient supply of oxygen. Nevertheless the imbalance between the production and elimination of lactate in the blood can cause OBLA (McArdle et al. , 2006). In this experiment the aims were to use different equipment to measure a range of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters and to investigate the ways in how the body of a healthy young individual responds to the changes when undertaking aerobic exercise at a stead state level at different intensities. The cardiovascular parameters were the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and the subject cardiac rhythm using an electrocardiogram. The respiratory parameters were the tidal volume, vital capacity, oxygen and CO2 percentage, the number of breath in each minute, ventilation rate, oxygen consumption, CO2 production, the respiratory quotient and to analyse how the aerobic response changes at different intensities. Material and method This experiment was performed by using the guideline set in the University of Hertfordshire ‘Level 1 Human Physiology Practical Booklet’ code number 1LFS003. The following changes were made and these amendments were about the level of resistance. At level two the exercise power was changed from 80W to 75W and the same went for level three from 110W to 100W. And instead of using only two levels that were indicated in the practical booklet at page 20, a third level was initiated which had a workload of 75W. When using the spirometry, instead of using a counter-balance gas holder with a writing pen attached to the counterweight, all spirometry parameters were recorded using the computer and the subject just has to inspire and expire through a tube that is connected to the computer. Results The subject’s BMI was calculated using his height and weight measured before the start of the experiment. The total practical time was three hours in which the first hour was used to measure the control variables and ECG. The remaining two hours were used to test the different physical levels and write down the data. The %O2 was measured in the Douglas bag decreased as the intensity of the exercise increased; while the %CO2 was increasing resulting in the pCO2 and the pO2 to increase and decrease respectively. Both the O2 consumption and the CO2 production increased with each level; however the rate of CO2 production was greater than the rate of O2 consumption causing the respiratory quotient to be higher than one. The number of breaths where increasing as the intensity of the exercise increased, but the value for the control was higher than each level. This caused the total volume of air in the Douglas bag to increase but the total volume of the control was higher than level one but not for level two or three. As the volume of air increased so did the ventilation rate and the minute volume. However the tidal volume did not have a linear pattern. Between the control and level one there was a sharp increase in the tidal volume, but during level two and three the tidal volume started to decrease. Figure 1 shows the CO2 production and the O2 consumption at the different exercise intensity. There was a large increase in the subject’s heart rate from the control to level one and from level one to level two, but from level two to level three the heart rate started the plateau. Figure 2 show how each exercise power affected the heart rate of the subject. The systolic pressure increased dramatically from the control to level one. But there was a decrease in the systolic blood pressure from level one to level two and eventually a rise in the systolic blood pressure from level two to level three. The diastolic pressure decreased from the control to level one and from level one to level two the diastolic blood pressure increased. At level two to level three the diastolic pressure decreased. Both the diastolic blood pressure at level one and three was lower than the control value, which caused the pulse pressure to be similar during level one and three but the pulse pressure during level two was very different. With the changes of the blood pressure that occurred during each level the mean arterial pressure increased gradually from the control to level three. Figure 3 shows how the blood pressures were affected by the change in the exercise intensity Before the exercise we tested the subject’s lung function by using a spirometer. Figure 4 shows the respiratory parameters of the spirograph. The ratio of the force vital capacity (FVC) and the force vital capacity expired in one second (FEV1. 0) was above the normal value of 85% (McArdle et al. , 2006, p 298). An electrocardiogram was also carried out to determine the subject’s heart rate and to analyse each wave of a single cardiac cycle. Figure 5 shows the ECG of the subject showing the different waves in a single cardiac cycle. The T wave represents the repolarisation of the ventricles, the P wave represents the depolarisation of the atria, the QRS complex is the depolarisation of both ventricles, as the ventricles is larger in size than the atria; the QRS complex has a larger peak and trough. The RR interval is the time taken for the R wave to appear again on the ECG (Fox, 2011). The ECG shows that the subject has a normal heart rate subjected to his age. Discussion Our major findings is that there is a decreasing trend in pO2, %O2, the respiratory quotient, and the diastolic blood pressure while there is an increasing trend in pCO2, %CO2, heart rate, systolic and mean arterial pressure, all respiratory parameters except for the O2 levels. As the exercise power increased the %O2 and the pO2 decreased which causes the working muscles to require more oxygen to keep up with the demands of the aerobic intensity. However the level of expired CO ­2 that is collected in the Douglas bag increased as the intensity increased. This is due to the increase production of CO2 in the working muscles during respiration. In all, the level of oxygen consumed and CO2 produced caused the respiratory quotient to be slightly above one. The respiratory quotient is the ratio between the total amounts of CO2 that is being produced to the amount of oxygen needed (McArdle et al. , 2006, p 240). During the exercise phase, the subject was catabolising the carbohydrates that he consumed prior to the experiment. As the values are very close to one, all the calories were derived from the carbohydrates that the subject consumed (McArdle et al. , 2006) The subject’s tidal volume increased from the control to level 1 where there was a peak at level one. The increase in the tidal volume from the control to level one was when the ‘demand for energy increases, the tidal volume increases by expanding into both the inspiratory reserve and the expiratory reserve’ (Smith Plowman, 2008). However during level two and three the tidal volume started to decrease. This cannot be explained as sources say that exercising actually increases the tidal volume (Garrett Kirkendall, 2000) and so further investigation is needed to be performed at different exercise power. The spirometer was used to measure the subject’s lung function and this instrument would have indicated if there are any obstructions present in the airways. By using the ratio between the FVC and FEV1. 0, the subject can be identified in having any lung obstruction or none at all (McArdle et al. , 2006). The spirometer produced an accurate value of the tidal volume at rest, while using the Douglas bag breathing forcefully can overinflate the bag which can produce an overestimation of the tidal volume. Also determining the number of breaths was difficult as the non returning breathing valve was moving very quickly to accurately count it. The parameters that were measured were the total lung capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity and tidal volume. The value of the subject’s tidal volume using the spirometer was 1. 5L. This value exceeds the average value of 500ml which has been given in many different studies of a young adult male (Normal breathing, 2010). This shows that the subject has a large lung capacity, indicating that the subject has maintained a good level of fitness. During exercise the heart rate increased due to the CO2 levels stimulating the chemoreceptors in the aortic arch which overall results in an individual inspiring more O ­Ã‚ ­2 and expiring CO2 quickly (McArdle et al. , 2006). With an increase in the heart rate the systolic pressure of the blood vessels also increased. Systolic pressure is the pressure in the aorta when the ventricles are contracting’ (McArdle et al. , 2006, p334), and due to the heart rate increasing at each level the systolic pressure correlates to the change in the heart rate. The diastolic pressure is the filling of blood to the arteries when the muscles are contracting. The trend, with the value at level two ignored, see that as the exercise power increases the diastolic pressure decreases. This is because the blood vessels dilate which in turn reduced the diastolic pressure (R. Noah, personal communication, June 7, 2000). The mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure of an individual during a cardiac cycle. The value of the mean arterial pressure increased gradually when the exercise intensity increased because of the systolic pressure increasing at a greater rate than the diastolic pressure, which deceased relatively slow. The ECG and the blood pressure monitor were used to measure the subject’s heart rate and blood pressure respectively. Both ECG and the blood pressure monitor measured the heart rate as similar values when the subject was not exercising. While the blood pressure monitor only measures the heart rate, the ECG is used to detect if the patient’s heart is beating normally. The results from the ECG indicate the subject’s heart is beating at a normal rate and rhythm. However during the practical the value of the blood pressure during level 2 did not match with the other levels and the control. The systolic pressure was lower than the systolic pressure of the control. This is due to an error that was occurring with the machine when the subject’s blood pressure was being measured and the fact that the subject was perspiring which caused the machine to slip, making it difficult to acquire an appropriate reading. With the error present at level two the value for the mean arterial pressure was also an anomaly. To make sure how results were reliable a second reading for each level was planned however, there was a time constraint which prevented the use of calculating an average. During the beginning of the practical, the subject found it difficult to maintain the speed of 50 rpm which was prescribed in the practical booklet, which could have made the value inaccurate. Some other areas where this experiment can go further is the difference in the respiratory and cardiovascular parameters between different gender groups. They have been a few studies with regards to male and female such Leddy, Horvath, Rowland Pendergest (1997) which mentions the effects of a high or low fat diet on the cardiovascular factor between female and male runners. Another factor to consider is the use of age and how that affects the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. Introducing subjects who have illnesses such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other cardiovascular co-morbidities would show how the heart is working when it is damaged. The one problem is that the subjects would need careful monitoring by healthcare professional. As this experiment was focussing on the aerobic exercise, an anaerobic experiment can be implemented with subjects that are trained athletes and untrained athletes to see the difference in their cardiovascular and respiratory parameters. You could also include male and female subjects with the similar athletic background to perform some anaerobic experiments to see if there are any significant differences between the two. You could also introduce different ethnic groups and see if there is any significant difference in the results. Reference Coote, J. H. (1995): Cardiovascular responses to exercise: central and reflex contributions in JORDAN, D. , and MARSHALL, J. (Eds): Cardiovascular regulation (Portland, London, 1995), Garrett, W. E. , Kirkendall, D. T. (2000). Exercise and sport science. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins Leddy, J Horvath, P. , Rowland, J. Pendergast D. (1997) Effect of a high or a low fat diet on cardiovascular risk factors in male and female runners. . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(1), 17-25 Normal breathing (2010) Amazing DIY breathing device. [online] Available at: http://www. normalbreathing. com/nb-word/DIY-device-short-2010. pdf [Accessed: 5 Jan 2013]. McArdle, W. D. , Katch, F. I. , Katch, V. L. (2006). Essential of Exercise Physiology. (3rd ed. ). Santa Barbara: Fitness Technology, Inc. McArdle, W. D. , Katch, F. I. , Katch, V. L. (2001). Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Smith, D. L. Plowman, S. A. (2008) Exercise physiology for Health, Fitness and Performance. (2nd ed . ). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Steinhaus, L. A. (1983). Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Training in the Elderly. Unpublished thesis, University of Utah, Utah Thompson, G. , James, N. W. James, R. (2008). OCR PE for AS. Oxon: Bookpoint Ltd. Raizwan. N. (June 7, 2000). Blood pressure. Message posted on MadSci Network, archived at http://www. madsci. org/posts/archives/jun2000/960410763. Me. r. html. Appendix All the results that were made were placed into a table with each level indicated and the control as well. The table below shows the respiratory and cardiovascular parameters of the subject during rest and exercise. Table shows the cardiovascular and respiratory parameters of the subject at each level and the baseline of the O2  ­and the CO2 in the classroom. To calculate the mean arterial pressure you: As the mean arterial pressure indicates the average blood pressure of a human, the diastolic phase is longer than the systolic phase, hence the reason to multiply the diastolic pressure by two. By using the values of the blood pressure the mean arterial pressure can be calculated: The ventilation rate is the rate at which the air move into the lungs and out of the lungs. This can easily be calculated by the following equation: This is the value at the control level: When calculated the ventialtion rate it is more effective to calculate the mintue ventilation instead as this corresponds to the amount of air that enters and leaves the lung in one minute. This is also a pretty sraight forwards equation: The minute volmume is used to indicate a quantitive value to the minute ventilation as the minute volume is about the amount of air inspired and expired in one minute. The minute volume is the product of the tidal volume and the minute ventilation as shown in this equation: The partial pressure of the two gases, oxygen and CO2 are used to measuere the amount of oxygen and CO2 that are being expired by the body. The equations for the two gases are shown below: The oxygen consumption is the amount of oxygen that the person inspires and transported to the cells by haemoglobin. This is to measure the efficiency of the subject; how much oxygen is that person actually using? The equation is: The CO2 production is the amount of CO2 that is expired from the lungs by the process of gases exchange between oxygen and CO2. Through the process of respiration, the cells produce CO2 as a waste product, and with the help of diffusion, the pCO2 in the cells is higher than in the blood stream so diffusion takes place. The equation is: The respiratory quotient is used to measure what type of fuel the individual is consuming (McArdle et al. , 2006) and the equation is shown below. The peak expiratory flow is used to determine how fast the person is able to expire and is used to test the function of the lungs and to see if there are any obstructions are present. The equation and example are: The equation for the FEV1: FVC and example that was used during the experiment: To calculate the BMI: The value of the subject’s BMI was: